PUBLIC FINANCE ORDINANCE

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PUBLIC FINANCE ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


 PUBLIC FINANCE ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 2)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  he general revenue
  harges on the general revenue
  II    THE ESTIMATES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, AND
APPROPRIATION
  nnual estimates
  pproval of estimates of expenditure and appropriation
  uthorization of expenditure in advance of appropriation
  hanges to the approved estimates of expenditure
  upplementary Appropriation
  III   CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
  General powers and duties of the Financial Secretary
  Power to make regulations and give directions, etc.
  Controlling officers.
  Controlling officers to obey regulations and directions, etc.
  Authority of controlling officers to incur expenditure
  Further authority of controlling officers in respect of urgent
  nditure
  IV    RECEIPT, PAYMENT AND CUSTODY OF PUBLIC MONEYS
  Duties of Director of Accounting Services
  Prompt collection of moneys
  Payment of public moneys
  Payment of certain moneys to be authorized by warrant
  Recoverable advances
  Advances to meet urgent need for payment
  Imprests
  Deposits
  Donations and grants
  Banking
  Investment of moneys
  Borrowing powers and loans
  Guarantees
  Establishment of funds
  Special suspense accounts
  Appropriations and warrants to lapse at close of financial year
  V    SURCHARGE
  Power to surcharge
  Notification of surcharge and right of appeal
  Appeal against surcharge
  Withdrawal of surcharge
  Collection of surcharge
  Surcharge in respect of deceased persons
  VI    MISCELLANEOUS
  Abandonment of claims, etc. and write-off of public moneys and
stores
  Disposal of serviceable stores, etc.
  Power of Governor to give directions
  Director of Accounting Services may give certain directions, etc.
to
  ic officers in receipt of certain moneys
  Trusts
  Transitional
  Effect of dissolution of Legislative Council
  t Schedule. Funds
  nd Schedule. Special Suspense Accounts
 Whole document
  
  rovide for the control and management of the public finances of 
Hong
  and for incidental and connected purposes.
  pril 1983] L. N. 109 of 1983
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Public Finance Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ropriation Bill" and "Appropriation Ordinance" means a 
Bill or
  nance, as the case may be, which provides for appropriation from 
the
  ral revenue in respect of the approved estimates of expenditure
on the
  ices of the Government for a financial year;
  roved estimates of expenditure" means the estimates of 
expenditure
  ed to be approved under section 6;
  trolling officer" in relation to a head or subhead means the 
officer
  gnated as controlling officer of that head or subhead under 
section
  
  ector of Audit" means the Director of Audit appointed under
section 3
  he Audit Ordinance (Cap. 122);
  ctment" includes an imperial enactment;
  enditure" includes expenditure on the services of the 
Government
  ired to be met under any enactment;
  ance Committee" means the Finance Committee of the Legislative
Council
  blished under the Standing Orders of the Legislative Council;
  eral revenue" means moneys which under this Ordinance or any 
other
  tment are to be paid into or to form part of the general revenue;
  d" means a head of expenditure;
  lic moneys" means--
  the general revenue;
  any moneys which are accounted for in the books or records of 
account
  he Director of Accounting Services; and (Replaced 11 of 1990 s.
2)
  any other moneys which the Governor may declare in writing 
to be
  ic moneys for the purposes of this Ordinance;
  head" means a subhead of expenditure;
  plementary Appropriation Bill" and  "Supplementary 
Appropriation
  nance" means a Bill or Ordinance, as the case may be, which 
provides
  appropriation from the general revenue in supplementation 
of the
  opriation already made by an Appropriation Ordinance.
  he general revenue
  Except where otherwise provided by or under this Ordinance 
or any
  r enactment any moneys raised or received for the purposes 
of the
  rnment shall form part of the general revenue.
  Any refund or drawback may be made from the general 
revenue in
  rdance with regulations made under section 11. (Replaced 8 of 1984 
s.
  
  For the avoidance of doubt it is hereby declared that the
reference in
  ection (1) to moneys raised or received for the purposes 
of the
  rnment does not include moneys held on trust.
  harges on the general revenue
  xpenditure shall be charged on the general revenue except as 
provided
  r under this Ordinance or any other enactment.
 PART II THE ESTIMATES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, AND APPROPRIA- 
TION
  
  nnual estimates
  The Financial Secretary shall cause to be prepared in each 
financial
  estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the Government for 
the
  following financial year, and shall cause such estimates to be 
laid
  re the Legislative Council before or as soon as practicable after 
the
  encement of the financial year to which they relate.
  Subject to subsection (3), the estimates of revenue and 
expenditure
  l be in such form as the Financial Secretary may from time to 
time
  ct.
  The estimates of expenditure shall--
  classify expenditure under heads and subheads with the ambit of 
each
  described;
  in respect of each head show the estimated total 
expenditure, the
  ision sought in respect of each subhead, the establishment of
posts
  any), and the limit (if any) to the commitments which may be 
entered
  in respect of expenditure which is not annually recurrent; and
  specify the controlling officer designated in respect of each
head and
  ead under section 12.
  Where there is a requirement under any enactment that 
expenditure be
  from the general revenue, provision for such expenditure 
shall be
  uded in the estimates of expenditure for the purposes of this 
Part,
  without prejudice to the validity or effect of any such
requirement.
  pproval of estimates of expenditure and appropriation
  The heads contained in the estimates of expenditure for a 
financial
  shall be included in an Appropriation Bill which shall be 
introduced
  the Legislative Council at the same time as the estimates.
  Upon the enactment of the Appropriation Ordinance the 
estimates of
  nditure for the financial year to which the Ordinance relates
shall be
  ed to be approved to the extent that they are provided for in 
the
  nance and shall have effect from the first day of such financial
year.
  Expenditure for the financial year on the services of the 
Government
  l, subject to this Ordinance, be arranged in accordance with the
heads
  subheads and be limited by the provision in each subhead shown
in the
  mates of expenditure as approved or as may subsequently be 
changed
  time to time in accordance with section 8.
  uthorization of expenditure in advance of appropriation
  The Legislative Council may, in advance of an Appropriation
Ordinance,
  esolution authorize expenditure for the services of the
Government in
  ect of a financial year to be charged on the general 
revenue, in
  rdance with this Ordinance and subject to such 
limitations and
  itions as may be specified in the resolution.
  Expenditure charged on the general revenue pursuant to a 
resolution
  r this section shall be arranged in accordance with the 
heads and
  eads shown in the estimates of expenditure laid under section 
5 and
  provisions of this Ordinance shall, for the purposes 
of this
  ection and subject to such conditions and limitations as 
may be
  ified in the resolution, apply to such estimates as though they 
were
  approved estimates of expenditure.
  Expenditure charged on the general revenue pursuant to a 
resolution
  r this section shall be set off against the amounts 
respectively
  ided in the Appropriation Ordinance upon the same 
coming into
  ation.
  
  hanges to the approved estimates of expenditure
  Subject to this section, no changes shall be made to the 
approved
  mates of expenditure except with the approval of the Finance
Committee
  a proposal of the Financial Secretary.
  Without limiting the generality of subsection (1) such 
changes may
  ide for all or any of the following matters--
  the creation of new heads or subheads;
  supplementary provision in approved or new subheads;
  variations in the establishments of posts;
  increases in the limit to the commitments which may be entered
into in
  ect of expenditure which is not annually recurrent.
  The Finance Committee may delegate to the Financial 
Secretary the
  r to approve changes subject to such conditions, 
exceptions and
  tations as are specified in the delegation.
  The Financial Secretary, where a delegation by the Finance 
Committee
  r subsection (3) so provides, and subject to such 
conditions,
  ptions and limitations as are specified in the delegation, may
further
  gate his power to approve changes to any public officer.
  A delegation to any public officer under subsection (4) 
shall be
  ect to such further conditions, exceptions and limitations 
as the
  ncial Secretary may specify.
  Nothing in subsection (1) shall be construed as 
limiting  or
  cting--
  the power of the Governor to make any proposal, or allow or direct
any
  osal to be made, to the Legislative Council, the object or effect 
of
  h is to require a change to the approved estimates of expenditure;
or
  a requirement under any enactment that expenditure be met 
from the
  ral revenue.
  The Financial Secretary shall cause such changes to be made 
to the
  oved estimates of expenditure as are necessary in respect of any--
  approval given under subsection (1), (3) or (4);
  expenditure pursuant to a proposal referred to in subsection (6) 
(a);
  
  requirement referred to in subsection (6) (b) not otherwise 
provided
  by approval under this section.
  The Financial Secretary shall at the end of each quarter 
of the
  ncial year or as soon as practicable thereafter--
  report to the Finance Committee changes made to the approved
estimates
  xpenditure in that quarter upon approval by him or by any 
public
  cer pursuant to a delegation under section (3) or (4), as the case
may
  and
  table in the Legislative Council a summary of all changes made
to the
  oved estimates of expenditure in that quarter under this section.
  Without prejudice to section 9, expenditure in respect of 
which a
  ge to the approved estimates is made under this section 
shall be
  ged on the general revenue notwithstanding that there has 
been no
  opriation in respect thereof by an Appropriation Ordinance.
  upplementary Appropriation
  t the close of account for any financial year it is 
found that
  nditure charged to any head is in excess of the sum appropriated 
for
  head by an Appropriation Ordinance, the excess shall be included
in a
  lementary Appropriation Bill which shall be introduced 
into the
  slative Council as soon as practicable after the close 
of the
  ncial year to which the excess expenditure relates.
 PART III CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
  
  General powers and duties of the Financial Secretary
  Financial Secretary shall, subject to this Ordinance and any 
other
  tment, have the management of the finances of the Government and 
the
  rvision, control and direction of all matters relating 
to the
  ncial affairs of the Government.
  Power to make regulations and give directions, etc.
  Without prejudice to any other provision of this 
Ordinance, the
  ncial Secretary may make such administrative regulations and give
such
  nistrative directions and instructions not inconsistent 
with this
  nance as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for the
better
  ying out of the provisions and purposes of this Ordinance and for 
the
  ty, economy and advantage of public moneys and Government
property.
  Any regulations made or directions and instructions given 
by the
  rnor or by any person authorized by him, for purposes similar to
those
  espect of which regulations, directions and instructions may be 
made
  iven under subsection (1), and which are in force at the 
commencement
  his Ordinance, shall, in so far as they are not inconsistent with
this
  nance, remain in force and shall be deemed for all purposes to 
have
  made or given under this section and to be liable to revocation 
or
  dment hereunder.
  Controlling officers
  Estimates of expenditure laid before the Legislative Council 
shall
  gnate a controlling officer in respect of each head and subhead.
  Subject to section 14 (5), a controlling officer shall be 
responsible
  accountable for all expenditure from any head or subhead for which 
he
  he controlling officer, and for all public moneys and 
Government
  erty in respect of the department or service for 
which he is
  onsible.
  Controlling officers to obey regulations and directions, etc.
  y controlling officer shall obey all regulations made and 
directions
  nstructions given by the Financial Secretary under section 
11 and
  l, if so required, account to the Financial Secretary 
for the
  ormance of his duties as controlling officer.
  Authority of controlling officers to incur expenditure
  Subject to any regulations made or directions or instructions
given by
  Financial Secretary under section 11 and to any reservation 
made by
  Financial Secretary under subsection (3), a controlling officer 
may,
  accordance with this Ordinance, incur expenditure and 
authorize
  nditure to be incurred against any provision shown in any subhead 
for
  h he is the controlling officer.
  No expenditure shall be incurred against any provision shown 
in any
  ead except by or under the authority of the controlling officer.
  The Financial Secretary may, in writing, reserve the whole or any
part
  ny provision shown in any subhead and for so long as such 
reservation
  ins in force no expenditure shall be incurred against the 
provision
  rved.
  A controlling officer may, in respect of any subhead for which 
he is
  controlling officer, by allocation warrant signed by him or 
by a
  ic officer authorized generally or specially by him, 
authorize any
  r controlling officer to incur expenditure or authorize
expenditure to
  ncurred against any provision shown in that subhead--(Added 8 of
1984
  )
  for any purpose within the ambit of that subhead; and
  in accordance with the terms of the allocation warrant.
  The controlling officer to whom an allocation warrant is issued 
under
  ection (4) shall be responsible and accountable for any 
expenditure
  rred under the warrant as if he were the controlling 
officer
  gnated in respect thereof under section 12.
  
  Further authority of controlling officers in respect 
of urgent
  nditure
  where an urgent need has arisen for expenditure to be incurred
which--
  requires a change to the approved estimates of expenditure in 
respect
  atters referred to in section 8 (2) (b) or (d); and
  in the opinion of a controlling officer cannot be deferred until 
the
  ssary change is made in accordance with section 8 without 
serious
  iment to the public interest, the controlling officer may, 
on his
  onal responsibility, incur the expenditure in anticipation 
of such
  ge.
  As soon as practicable after incurring expenditure under
subsection
  the controlling officer shall report the matter to the 
Financial
  etary for the purpose of having the necessary change made 
to the
  oved estimates of expenditure.
  Where the necessary change to the approved estimates of
expenditure is
  made in accordance with section 8, the expenditure incurred shall 
not
  charged on the general revenue but shall remain the 
personal
  onsibility of the controlling officer who incurred the 
expenditure.
 PART IV RECEIPT, PAYMENT AND CUSTODY OF PUBLIC MONEYS
  
  Duties of Director of Accounting Services
  The Director of Accounting Services shall be responsible 
for the
  ilation and supervision of the accounts of the Government, 
for the
  gement of accounting operations and procedures, and for ensuring 
that
  regulations directions or instructions made or given 
under this
  nance relating thereto and in respect of the safe custody of 
public
  ys and its accounting are complied with.
  Without prejudice to the generality of his duties under
subsection (1)
  the powers conferred on the Financial Secretary by section 
11 the
  ctor of Accounting Services shall--
  ensure that adequate arrangements are made for bringing 
promptly and
  erly to account all public moneys received and paid by the
Government;
  pay such sums from public moneys as he is authorized to pay under
this
  nance or any other enactment;
  ensure, in so far as is practicable, that adequate 
arrangements are
  for the safe custody of public moneys; and
  bring to the notice of the Financial Secretary and the 
Director of
  t, in writing, any material defect in departmental control of
revenue,
  nditure, cash, stamps, securities, stores and other 
Government
  erty which may come to his notice and any persistent 
breaches of
  lations, directions or instructions made or given 
under  this
  nance.
  Subject to the provisions of any enactment, in the exercise 
of his
  es the Director of Accounting Services shall be entitled to 
inspect
  offices and shall have access to all records, books, 
vouchers

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对外贸易经济合作部关于印发《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证管理办法》的通知

对外贸易经济合作部


对外贸易经济合作部关于印发《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证管理办法》的通知
1998年8月20日,对外贸易经济合作部


国务院各部委、各直属机构,各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市外经贸委(厅、局),本部各直属公司:
为加强对我国国外经济合作业务的宏观管理,保证对外经济合作有序、健康、持续地发展,现将《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证管理办法》印发给你们,请转发有关单位并遵照执行。
目前各单位所持的《外派劳务人员许可证》在1998年度内到期的,仍按原办法换证;1999年度到期的一律按新办法办理。
特此通知。

附件:国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证管理办法
第一条 为进一步推动我国国外经济合作事业的发展,加强对经营国外经济合作业务企业的管理,根据《关于我国对外承包工程和劳务合作的管理规定》,特制定本办法。
第二条 国外经济合作系指对外承包工程、对外劳务合作和对外勘测、咨询、设计、监理等业务活动。
第三条 《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证》(以下简称“《许可证》”,见附件一)是企业经营国外经济合作业务的资格证明。企业在开展上述业务、招聘和外派劳务人员时,可根据需要向有关管理部门、单位和劳务人员及外商出示《许可证》。企业在办理劳务人员审批和护照签证手续时,须出示《许可证》。
第四条 许可证的种类
(一)《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证》
凡经对外贸易经济合作部(以上简称“外经贸部”)批准,获得国外经济合作经营权并已由工商行政管理部门核发营业执照的企业均须申请领取。
(二)《国外承包工程、劳务合作临时经营许可证》
1.经外经贸部批准的有国外经济合作经营权的企业在尚未完成有关手段时领取。
2.尚未获得国外经济合作经营权,但经外经贸部批准实施某一特定项目的企业领取。
第五条 《许可证》的有效期
《许可证》有效期为1年。《临时许可证》有效期为6个月。《许可证》在有效期期满后自动作废,持证单位应及时更换。
第六条 《许可证》的申领和更换
(一)新获得国外经济合作经营权的企业应在办理完工商登记等有关手续后,及时申领《许可证》。初次申领《许可证》,须填写“国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证申请表”(以下简称“申请表”)一式两份,并向外经贸部报送有关批文的复印件及加盖公章的企业法人营业执照副本复印件。
(二)《许可证》年审更换时间为每年3月1日至4月30日。年审工作由归口管理的各主管部门负责。主管部门系指国务院各部委主管司(局),国务院直属企业,各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市外经贸委(厅、局)(下同)。各主管部门可依据本办法制定本地区或本系统有国外经济合作经营权的企业年审的具体办法。届时,企业须填报申请表一式两份并交回原《许可证》。各主管部门审核后,将通过年审企业的申请表和原《许可证》于4月20日前一并报外经贸部(国外经济合作司),统一换领新证;对未通过年审的企业,各主管部门要提出处理意见报外经贸部审批。
(三)获经营权后超过3个月未办理申领《许可证》手续或《许可证》期满后3个月未办理更换手续者,持证单位必须以书面形式说明理由,经其主管部门审核批准后,方可到外经贸部领证或换证。
第七条 申请表的填报和印制
(一)申请表内所填申请单位名称应与外经贸部批文、企业法人营业执照以及企业对外经营所用印章中的单位名称一致,填写后须经申请单位和主管部门盖章。更换《许可证》时,“申请单位上年度经营业绩”一栏中填写上一年度国外经济合作业务经营简况(合同额、营业额、利税额、派出人数、主要国别和地区)及遵纪守法等情况。主管部门负责对申请单位国外经济合作业务的业绩和经营作风等情况进行年度审核,填写审核意见。
(二)《许可证》申请表格式见附件二,申请单位可据此自行复制。
第八条 《许可证》须妥善保管,不得伪造、涂改、转借、出租或转让。如有遗失,持证单位应及时通过其主管部门向外经贸部报告注销并在全国性外经贸报纸上声明作废后方可申请补发。
第九条 在经营国外经济合作业务中,持证单位有以下情形之一者,外经贸部将视情节轻重做出处理,通报批评或吊销其《许可证》直至取消其国外经济合作经营权:
(一)在经营国外经济合作业务中不执行国家有关法律、法规和规章制度的;不服从外经贸部及驻外使(领)馆经商参处(室)、有关商会、协会、协调机构的业务协调的;
(二)严重损害外派劳务人员合法权益的;或管理不善,造成重大失误和恶性事件的;
(三)自获得国外经济合作经营权之日起,开展对外业务不力,连续两年没有国外经济合作业绩的;
(四)擅自伪造、涂改、转借、出租、转让《许可证》的;
(五)无特殊理由,逾期6个月不办理申请领取或更换《许可证》手续的;
(六)不按规定向外经贸部报送计划统计和财务报表的;
(七)不按规定对外派劳务人员及其管理人员进行培训的。
第十条 《许可证》复印件未加盖外经贸部国外经济合作司或省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市外经贸委(厅、局)的公章一律无效。
第十一条 过去颁发的有关规定与本办法有抵触的,一律按本办法执行。
第十二条 本办法由外经贸部负责解释。
第十三条 本办法自1999年1月1日起施行。
附件:一、《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证》样证
《国外承包工程、劳务合作临时经营许可证》样证
二、《国外承包工程、劳务合作经营许可证》申请表

附件一:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 国外承包工程劳务合作 |
| 经营许可证 |
| LICENCE FOR FOREIGN |
|CONTRACTING ENGINEERING AND LABOR SERVICE|
| ( )外经贸合证字第 号 |
| 根据国家有关规定,经审核, |
|同意持证单位经营右页规定的国 |
|外经济合作业务。 |
| |
| |
| 年 月 日 |
| (外经贸部章) |
| |
| |
|企业代码: |
|批准文号: |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|持证单位|中文: |
| |--------------------------------------------------------|
|名 称|英文: |
|--------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| | |
| | |
| 对 | |
| | |
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| 意 |3、本证复印件未加盖外经贸部国外经济合作司或省、 |
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关于在农村开展法律援助工作的几点思考

北京市通州区司法局永乐店司法所 王 晨


法律援助制度是贯彻“公民在法律面前一律平等”的宪法原则、保障公民享有平等公正的法律保护、完善社会保障制度、健全人权保障机制的一项重要法律制度。《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国律师法》等法律都对法律援助制度作了明确的规定,为这一制度的建立和实施奠定了法律基础。1997年5月26日,司法部法律援助中心及中国法律援助基金会正式成立;2003年9月1日,中华人民共和国国务院令第385号颁布的《法律援助条例》正式生效施行。据统计,至2003年底,全国共办理各类法律援助案件80多万件,解答法律咨询600余万人次,有近97万人通过法律援助维护了自身的合法权益。 法律援助给中国老百姓带来了福音,受到群众的普遍欢迎,越来越多的人们投入法律援助事业,为我国法治建设的进程增添了人性化的关怀与温暖,在国际上树立了我国保障司法公正和维护人权的良好形象。中国法律援助事业呈现出良性的发展态势,前景十分美好。
作为一名基层法律工作者,笔者学习了法律援助的相关知识,也曾经办理过法律援助案件,在平时的工作中积累了一定的经验,产生了在农村进行法律援助工作的一些看法和认识,以下笔者将结合农村的现实状况对在农村开展法律援助工作的意义、问题、对策进行论述,与大家一同交流。
一、在农村开展法律援助具有重大的现实意义。
在我国,法律援助的对象主要是生活比较贫困的群众和一些特殊社会群体,所以笔者认为法律援助工作的重心应该放在农村,援助对象的重点要针对农民,原因有以下三点:
1、农村的贫困人口多。
我国13亿人口,9亿在农村,通过查看数据可以得知,农村的经济发展远远落后于城市,农村的生活水平和农民的人均收入都是比较低的,经济的落后使得教育水平无法提高,从而导致农民整体的科学文化素质和精神道德素质不高。以笔者工作的永乐店镇为例,永乐店镇地处北京市最东南端,经济发展较为落后,截止到现在全镇常驻人口30000余人,拥有农村低保户781人,人均年纯收入不到7000元,大多数农民都过着穷苦日子。有很大一部分前来咨询的农民都不愿意诉讼解决,笔者通过调查发现,其中因为怕伤和气的占30%,认为打官司很没面子的占6%,而有64%的人是由于家里穷不愿意再额外拿出一笔钱去打官司。随着物价的上涨以及诉讼成本的提高,这个问题显得尤为突出。
2、符合法律援助范围的案件多。
由于历史习惯、观念意识、经济发展等诸多原因的影响,发生在农村或农民身上的案件有许多属于法律援助案件的范围。比如,在农村,每个家庭普遍都有两个孩子以上,有的甚至达到五、六个,孩子多导致家庭贫困,孩子长大成家后,由于文化素质不高或因为贫困、子女之间的矛盾就产生了对老人的赡养问题。笔者在2004年承办的一个索要赡养费的法律援助案件就是因为老人的两个儿子都不尽赡养义务,其中大儿子同意赡养,但前提是二儿子也必须承担赡养义务,否则他也不赡养老人;二儿子则因为贫穷拒绝赡养老人。最终老人一气之下将两个儿子告上了法庭,用法律武器维护了自身的权益。在农村像这种请求给付赡养费、抚养费的案件为数不少。另外,现在不可忽视的一个问题就是农民工的权益保障。拖欠农民工工资、工作条件恶劣及安全措施不当导致农民工因工受伤的情况层出不穷,在大多数情况下农民工是无助的,这时候为他们提供法律援助无疑是雪中送炭。
3、在农村加强开展法律援助工作可进一步加大普法力度,产生法律宣传的效应,提高农民的整体素质。
在农村接受法制宣传的机会要比城市低得多,相当多的农民对法律知之甚少,对诉讼敬而远之。而农村有一个很大的特点就是村与村之间联系很多,李家出了什么事,过几天全村甚至外村都会听说。因此笔者认为切实地为农民办几件实事比单纯进行法制宣传的效果要好,因为当事人回去会向其他人讲述自己的事情,其他人在听的过程中不仅了解到一些法律法规知识,而且还对此深信不疑,他们再去向另外一些人讲述,这样在无形中就提高了农民对法律法规的认知程度。在农村开展法律援助工作,让广大农民多利用法律武器维护自身权益,可以扩大影响,消除一些农民认为法律遥不可及的偏见,改变农民对法律、诉讼的一些认识,提高农民知法、学法、用法的积极性,从而提升农民整体素质,减少因农民不懂法而吃亏上当的情况的发生。
二、现在工作中存在的问题。
1、法律援助工作宣传力度不够。
笔者认为如今对法律援助的宣传存在偏颇,在城市宣传的较为广泛,法律援助中心也多设在城市里,而针对基层农村的宣传较少,因为农村生活比较贫困,真的广泛宣传恐怕会有相当多的农民找上门来寻求法律援助,造成法律援助机构应接不暇。但这样就与成立法律援助机构的初衷背道而驰了,因为宣传的少,广大农民就不了解法律援助,不仅开展法律援助工作非常困难,而且对于整体素质不高的农民,一旦他们的合法权益遭到侵害,他们不知道求助于法律援助机构或者法律服务者,又缺少通过法律途径解决问题的意识,那么只有凭感情用事,采取其他非法手段去维护自身权益,从而引发了更多的社会问题,严重影响了社会的稳定和发展。
2、法律援助审批程序亟待完善。
当前法律援助审批权在法律援助机构,当事人只要交齐相关的证明和材料一般就能够获得免交代理费等法律援助。而笔者在工作中发现,在农村,开具一份无收入或生活贫困证明非常容易,这就给一些人留下了可乘之机,难以确保全部法律援助资源都切实用于帮助符合法律援助条件的受援人,加大了法律援助机构的工作成本,降低了法律援助机构的工作效率。因此,如何进行严格且有效的审查是法律援助审批程序中需要解决的问题。
法律援助除了免交律师费、代理费外,还应包括减、缓、免交诉讼费,这就涉及到法院对法律援助案件的审批。而对于法院来说,法律援助案件一般仅限于或说多限于刑事辩护案件的法律援助,对于民商行政诉讼案件,当事人要想减、缓、免交诉讼费,一般不太可能,得到法律援助的可能性很小。这就引发了一个问题:法律援助机构对符合法律援助条件的民事案件当事人提供法律援助,而法院却没有同意其缓、免交诉讼费用,最终导致无法立案。笔者在从事法律援助工作中也遇到过同样的一个问题,索性赡养案件诉讼费只有50元,笔者先行垫付了,那诉讼费要是几百元甚至上千上万元呢?因此,法律服务费的减免和诉讼费缓、减、免的衔接问题至今尚未很好解决,经济困难的农民经法律援助机构审查批准得到减、免费的律师服务后,往往由于得不到法院缓收和减免诉讼费而不能进入诉讼程序实现自己的合法权益,法律援助最终落不到实处。
3、有限的法律援助资源与大量的法律援助需求之间矛盾突出。
随着普法宣传的深入,广大农民的法律意识不断增强,据笔者在永乐店镇的调查显示,《法治进行时》、《法制播报》、《今日说法》等法制栏目在农村拥有很高的收视率,农民寻求法律帮助的积极性越来越高,对法律知识的运用越来越广,对法律援助的需求量也就越来越大。然而由于我国经济发展水平以及重视程度等因素的制约,法律援助受到人力、财力等条件的限制,加上法律服务和运作成本在不断增加,使得我国的法律援助资源不能适应正在急剧转型和变化的社会对法律援助的需求。2002年司法部法律援助中心的统计数字显示,我国每年需要法律援助的案件超过70万件,而实际受到援助的低于18万件,受援率不足1/4。
三、解决对策。
1、加强宣传,让农民“知”法律援助。
随着时代的进步,农民获取信息的途径越来越多样化,仅仅依靠在农民赶集时向他们发放宣传资料已经远远不能达到宣传的效果了。在当今这个信息多元化的时代,在有条件的农村要充分利用报纸、杂志、电台、电视、网络等媒体宣传法律援助的相关内容;在条件落后的地区,可以通过送法下乡、法律咨询等途径,进一步加大对法律援助工作的宣传力度,让需要法律援助的人了解法律援助的基本原则,明确法律援助的条件范围,在权益受到侵害时知道怎样去寻求法律保护,使他们“请不起律师,打不起官司”的难题得以解决。
2、协调配合,让农民“用”法律援助。
仅仅“知”法律援助是不够的,我们最终的目的是要让那些需要法律援助的人“用”法律援助来维护自身的权益。首先,基层法律服务工作者在工作中遇到符合法律援助条件的当事人要主动向当事人提出并积极协助法律援助机构办理法律援助的有关事宜;其次,法律援助机构要严格审查制度,提高工作效率,使应该得到援助的人得到应有的援助。最后,法律援助机构应与人民法院密切配合,杜绝因无法交纳诉讼费而致使法律援助终止的情况发生,使农民能够顺利地“用”法律援助。
3、提高质量,让农民“信”法律援助。
市场经济体制下,产品质量尤为重要,法律援助工作也不例外。法律援助案件质量的好坏直接影响农民对法律援助的信任度,承办法律援助案件的律师或法律工作者要认真做好案件的审阅、调查和准备工作,不能因为农民懂得少、是弱势群体就敷衍了事,要确保法律援助案件的质量,切实维护受援人的合法权益。法律援助只有获得了信任,才能让更多的人去了解它、关注它,才能发挥出更大的作用,才能为维护广大农民的切身利益做出更加巨大的贡献。
4、加大投入,让农民“靠”法律援助。
法律援助是政府的责任,政府应该加大对法律援助的投入,使更多的人能够得到法律援助。笔者设想,在将来条件允许的情况下,在农村贫困地区以乡镇为单位设置法律援助工作站,每个工作站配备2-3名公职律师,由法律援助机构每月为公职律师发放工资,公职律师负责本乡镇的法律援助工作,免费办理咨询、代书等非诉法律事务并承办本乡镇范围内的法律援助案件,这样就扩大了法律援助的范围,使更多的农民能够通过法律途径来维护自身利益,真正做到让农民“靠”法律援助。